Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C). Lightly grease a 9-inch round cake pan and line with parchment paper. Let the parchment overhang the edges for easy lifting.
In a large mixing bowl, use a hand mixer or stand mixer with the paddle attachment to beat the granulated sugar, brown sugar, and oil together until smooth. Add eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition. Mix in the sourdough discard, milk, and vanilla extract until combined.
In a separate bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, cinnamon, and salt.
Add the flour mixture to the wet ingredients and mix until just combined. Do not overmix.
Peel and dice the apples into small, even chunks (about ½-inch pieces). Fold them into the batter using a spatula. The mixture will be thick and lumpy. That’s exactly what you want.
Make the crumble topping: In a small bowl, stir together the flour, brown sugar, cinnamon, and salt. Add the cold diced butter and use your fingers or a pastry cutter to work it into coarse crumbs.
Pour the batter into the prepared pan and smooth the top. Sprinkle the crumble topping evenly over the batter.
Bake for 40–50 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out with just a few moist crumbs. If the top browns too quickly, tent loosely with foil for the final 10 - 15 minutes.
Let the cake cool in the pan for 15 - 20 minutes before removing. Move to wired rack to cool completely.
Make the glaze: In a small bowl, whisk together the powdered sugar, maple syrup, and melted butter until smooth and pourable. Drizzle over the cooled cake.