Preheat oven to 350°F (176°C). Line a 12-count muffin pan with muffin liners or lightly grease the pan.
In a large bowl, whisk the all-purpose flour, baking soda, baking powder, and salt together. Set aside.
In another bowl, mash the bananas (use brown bananas for the best flavor).
Melt the butter and pour it into a large mixing bowl. Add the brown sugar and stir to combine.
Add the egg, sourdough starter discard, mashed bananas, vanilla extract, and milk. Whisk the wet mixture until smooth.
Gently fold the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients until just combined (be careful not to overmix!).
Stir in chocolate chips or chopped walnuts, if using.
Divide the muffin batter evenly among the muffin liners, filling each about ¾ full.
Bake in the preheated oven for 20-25 minutes, or until the top of the muffins are set and a toothpick comes out clean. The muffins should be a beautiful golden brown.
Let muffins cool in the pan for 5 minutes before transferring to a wire rack to cool completely.